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Classification and Prognosis of Chronic Kidney Disease

CKD is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) for 3 months or more, irrespective of cause. Kidney damage in many kidney diseases can be ascertained by the presence of albuminuria, defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g in two of three spot urine specimens. Continue reading “Classification and Prognosis of Chronic Kidney Disease”

Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Pancreatitis

Chronic Pancreatitis (CP) is a debilitating disease that classically presents with recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis, chronic abdominal pain as well as evidence of end organ damage. This is a result of extensive fibrosis and inflammation within the gland that eventually leads to both exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. Continue reading “Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Pancreatitis”

Diagnostic Criteria of Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (aCML)

Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia (aCML), BCR/ABL1 negative is a rare disorder classified into the category of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN), according to the 2016 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. It is, by definition, a BCR-ABL1-negative clonal disorder sharing myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features. Continue reading “Diagnostic Criteria of Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (aCML)”

Baveno VI Criteria for Compensated Advanced Chronic Liver Disease (cACLD)

Portal hypertension is the haemodynamic abnormality associated with the most severe complications of cirrhosis, including ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and bleeding from gastroesophageal varices. Variceal bleeding is a medical emergency associated with a mortality that, in spite of recent progress, is still in the order of 10–20% at 6 weeks. The evaluation of diagnostic tools and the design and conduct of good clinical trials for the treatment of portal hypertension have always been difficult. Continue reading “Baveno VI Criteria for Compensated Advanced Chronic Liver Disease (cACLD)”

Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL)

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare, often aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) defined by persistent mature neutrophilic leukocytosis, bone marrow granulocyte hyperplasia, and frequent hepatosplenomegaly. The seminal discovery of oncogenic driver mutations in colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) in the majority of patients with CNL in 2013 anchored a new scientific framework, deepening our understanding of its molecular pathogenesis, providing a diagnostic biomarker, and rationalizing the use of pharmacological targeting. Continue reading “Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL)”

Accelerated Phase Criteria for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

The chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is classically staged into chronic phase (CP, most patients at presentation), accelerated phase (AP) and blast phase (BP). Many definitions have been used for these stages, but all the data generated from the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) studies has used the historically standard definition where AP is defined by the presence of one or more of the following: ≥15% blasts in PB/BM, ≥20% basophils in PB, platelets <100,000/µL unrelated to treatment or the development of cytogenetic evolution. Blast phase is defined by the presence of ≥30% blasts in the peripheral blood or bone marrow, the presence of clusters of blasts in marrow or the presence of extramedullary disease with immature cells (i.e., a myeloid sarcoma). Continue reading “Accelerated Phase Criteria for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)”

Guidelines for Intervention in Patients with Chronic Severe Secondary Mitral Regurgitation

International practice guidelines for the care of patients with valvular heart disease were most recently updated in 2017, before the publication of the results of the COAPT and MITRA-FR trials in 2018, and these guidelines were conservative in their recommendations regarding surgery for secondary mitral regurgitation. Continue reading “Guidelines for Intervention in Patients with Chronic Severe Secondary Mitral Regurgitation”

Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS)

Chronic rhinosinusitis is defined by the presence of at least two out of four cardinal symptoms (i.e., facial pain/pressure, hyposmia/anosmia, nasal drainage, and nasal obstruction) for at least 12 consecutive weeks, in addition to objective evidence. Objective evidence of chronic rhinosinusitis may be obtained on physical examination (anterior rhinoscopy, endoscopy) or radiography, preferably from sinus computed tomography. Continue reading “Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS)”

Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disease characterized by chronic, profound, disabling, and unexplained fatigue. Continue reading “Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)”

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