{"id":2371,"date":"2014-03-06T12:29:55","date_gmt":"2014-03-06T12:29:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/sesr\/"},"modified":"2025-05-13T20:27:26","modified_gmt":"2025-05-13T20:27:26","slug":"sesr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/sesr\/","title":{"rendered":"Clinical Characteristics and Correlations of Respiratory Sounds"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"99c380e4b4a7b96c35d7ddf7dcb434e8\" data-index=\"1\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px 0 0px 0; text-align:center;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- MC 2019- Horizontal -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0127150553352455\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3806776041\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>The clinical characteristics of normal and adventitious sounds are summarized.<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n<strong>Clinical Characteristics and Correlations of Respiratory Sounds<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\"><strong>Respiratory Sound<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\"><strong>Clinical Characteristics<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\"><strong>Clinical Correlation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Normal tracheal sound<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Hollow and nonmusical, clearly heard in both phases\u00a0of respiratory cycle<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Transports intrapulmonary sounds, indicating upper-airway patency; can be disturbed (e.g., become more noisy or even musical) if upper-airway patency is altered; used to monitor sleep apnea; serves as a good model of bronchial breathing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Normal lung sound<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Soft, nonmusical, heard only on inspiration and on early expiration<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Is diminished by factors affecting sound generation (e.g., hypoventilation, airway narrowing) or sound transmission (e.g., lung destruction, pleural effusion, pneumothorax); assessed as an aggregate score with normal breath sound; rules out clinically significant airway obstruction*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Bronchial breathing<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Soft, nonmusical, heard on both phases of respiratory cycle (mimics tracheal sound)<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Indicates patent airway surrounded by consolidated lung tissue (e.g., pneumonia) or fibrosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Stridor<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Musical, high-pitched, may be heard over the upper airways or at a distance without a stethoscope<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Indicates upper-airway obstruction; associated with extrathoracic lesions (e.g., laryngomalacia, vocal-cord lesion, lesion after extubation) when heard on inspiration; associated with intrathoracic lesions (e.g., tracheomalacia, bronchomalacia, extrinsic compression) when heard on expiration; associated with fixed lesions (e.g., croup, paralysis of both vocal cords, laryngeal mass or web) when biphasic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Wheeze<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Musical, high-pitched; heard on inspiration,\u00a0expiration, or both<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Suggests airway narrowing or blockage when localized (e.g., foreign body, tumor); associated with generalized airway narrowing and airflow limitation when widespread (e.g., in asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease); degree of airflow limitation proportional to number of airways generating wheezes; may be absent if airflow is too low (e.g., in severe asthma, destructive emphysema)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Rhonchus<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Musical, low-pitched, similar to snoring; lower in pitch than wheeze; may be heard on inspiration, expiration, or both<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Associated with rupture of fluid films and abnormal airway collapsibility; often clears with coughing, suggesting a role for secretions in larger airways; is nonspecific; is common with airway narrowing caused by mucosal thickening or edema or by bronchospasm (e.g., bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Fine crackle<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Nonmusical, short, explosive; heard on mid-to-late inspiration and occasionally on expiration; unaffected by cough, gravity-dependent, not transmitted to mouth<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Unrelated to secretions; associated with various diseases (e.g., interstitial lung fibrosis, congestive heart failure, pneumonia); can be earliest sign of disease (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis); may be present before detection of changes on radiology<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Coarse crackle<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Nonmusical, short, explosive sounds; heard on early inspiration and throughout expiration; affected by cough; transmitted to mouth<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Indicates intermittent airway opening, may be related to secretions (e.g., in chronic bronchitis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Pleural friction rub<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Nonmusical, explosive, usually biphasic sounds; typically heard over basal regions<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Associated with pleural inflammation or pleural tumors<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"23%\">Squawk<\/td>\n<td width=\"27%\">Mixed sound with short musical component (short wheeze) accompanied or preceded by crackles<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Associated with conditions affecting distal airways; may suggest hypersensitivity pneumonia or other types of interstitial lung disease in patients who are not acutely ill; may indicate pneumonia in patients who are acutely ill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Bohadana A, Izbicki G, Kraman SS. Fundamentals of lung auscultation. N Engl J Med. 2014 Feb 20;370(8):744-51.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24552321\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[Medline]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Pasterkamp H, Kraman SS, Wodicka GR. Respiratory sounds. Advances beyond the stethoscope. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Sep;156(3 Pt 1):974-87.<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9310022\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[Medline]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Created May 05, 2014.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sorry, this entry is only available in Espa\u00f1ol.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[784],"tags":[40,952,812,490,951,950,949,585,948,953],"class_list":["post-2371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-family-practice","tag-caracteristicas","tag-characteristics","tag-clinica","tag-clinical","tag-correlacion","tag-correlations","tag-respiratorios","tag-respiratory","tag-sonidos","tag-sounds"],"modified_by":"Guillermo Firman","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2371"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2371\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8873,"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2371\/revisions\/8873"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicalcriteria.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}