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Unifying Concepts

Universal Definitions of Myocardial Injury and Myocardial Infarction

With the introduction of more sensitive cardiac biomarkers, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) collaborated to redefine MI using a biochemical and clinical approach, and reported that myocardial injury detected by abnormal biomarkers in the setting of acute myocardial ischaemia should be labelled as MI.

Universal definitions of myocardial injury and myocardial infarction

Criteria for myocardial injury
The term myocardial injury should be used when there is evidence of elevated cardiac troponin values (cTn) with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The myocardial injury is considered acute if there is a rise and/or fall of cTn values.

Criteria for acute myocardial infarction (types 1, 2 and 3 MI)
The term acute myocardial infarction should be used when there is acute myocardial injury with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia and with detection of a rise and/or fall of cTn values with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL and at least one of the following:

  • Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia;
  • New ischaemic ECG changes;
  • Development of pathological Q waves;
  • Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality in a pattern consistent with an ischaemic aetiology;
  • Identification of a coronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy (not for types 2 or 3 MIs).

Post-mortem demonstration of acute athero-thrombosis in the artery supplying the infarcted myocardium meets criteria for type 1 MI.
Evidence of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand unrelated to acute athero-thrombosis meets criteria for type 2 MI.
Cardiac death in patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG changes before cTn values become available or abnormal meets criteria for type 3 MI.



Criteria for coronary procedure-related myocardial infarction (types 4 and 5 MI)
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) related MI is termed type 4a MI.
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) related MI is termed type 5 MI.
Coronary procedure-related MI ≤ 48 hours after the index procedure is arbitrarily defined by an elevation of cTn values > 5 times for type 4a MI and > 10 times for type 5 MI of the 99th percentile URL in patients with normal baseline values. Patients with elevated pre-procedural cTn values, in whom the pre-procedural cTn level are stable (≤ 20% variation) or falling, must meet the criteria for a > 5 or > 10 fold increase and manifest a change from the baseline value of > 20%. In addition with at least one of the following:

  • New ischaemic ECG changes (this criterion is related to type 4a MI only);
  • Development of new pathological Q waves;
  • Imaging evidence of loss of viable myocardium that is presumed to be new and in a pattern consistent with an ischaemic aetiology;
  • Angiographic findings consistent with a procedural flow-limiting complication such as coronary dissection, occlusion of a major epicardial artery or graft, side-branch occlusion-thrombus, disruption of collateral flow or distal embolization.

Isolated development of new pathological Q waves meets the type 4a MI or type 5 MI criteria with either revascularization procedure if cTn values are elevated and rising but less than the pre-specified thresholds for PCI and CABG.
Other types of 4 MI include type 4b MI stent thrombosis and type 4c MI restenosis that both meet type 1 MI criteria.
Post-mortem demonstration of a procedure-related thrombus meets the type 4a MI criteria or type 4b MI criteria if associated with a stent.

Criteria for prior or silent/unrecognized myocardial infarction
Any one of the following criteria meets the diagnosis for prior or silent/unrecognized MI:

  • Abnormal Q waves with or without symptoms in the absence of non-ischaemic causes.
  • Imaging evidence of loss of viable myocardium in a pattern consistent with ischaemic aetiology.
  • Patho-anatomical findings of a prior MI.




References:

  1. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). Glob Heart. 2018 Aug 23. pii: S2211-8160(18)30138-8. [Medline]
  2. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 30;72(18):2231-2264. [Medline]

 

Created Nov 13, 2018

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