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Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) Score

10 April, 2024

The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) is a tool used to measure the severity of psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches on the skin. PASI takes into account the extent of psoriatic involvement (area) as well as the severity of erythema (redness), induration (thickness), and desquamation (scaling) present within the involved regions. It provides a quantitative assessment of psoriasis severity and is commonly used in clinical trials and practice to monitor disease progression and treatment efficacy. Continue reading “Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) Score”

Diagnostic Criteria for Catatonia

14 March, 2024
Catatonia has a complex presentation that is composed of multiple signs and symptoms, of which only three need to be present for diagnosis. It may be thought of as occurring with schizophrenia or with mania; however, patients in other settings with various general medical health conditions may develop an episode of catatonia. It is essential to identify catatonia early on for treatment to protect the patient from developing any further complications. A number of medical conditions can mask catatonia, delaying its treatment.

Continue reading “Diagnostic Criteria for Catatonia”

Diagnostic Criteria for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHS) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

31 January, 2024

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an immunopathologic disease; dengue virus–antibody immune complexes trigger release of vasoactive mediators by macrophages. The mediators increase vascular permeability, causing vascular leakage, hemorrhagic manifestations, hemoconcentration, and serous effusions, which can lead to circulatory collapse (ie, dengue shock syndrome). Continue reading “Diagnostic Criteria for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHS) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)”

Diagnosis of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)

17 January, 2024

The posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological disorder of (sub)acute onset characterized by varied neurological symptoms, which may include headache, impaired visual acuity or visual field deficits, disorders of consciousness, confusion, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Continue reading “Diagnosis of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)”

Manifestations of Right-Sided Heart Failure (RHF)

29 December, 2023

The diverse causes of right-sided heart failure (RHF) include, among others, primary cardiomyopathies with right ventricular (RV) involvement, RV ischemia and infarction, volume loading caused by cardiac lesions associated with congenital heart disease and valvular pathologies, and pressure loading resulting from pulmonic stenosis or pulmonary hypertension from a variety of causes, including left-sided heart disease. Continue reading “Manifestations of Right-Sided Heart Failure (RHF)”

Risk Factors of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

14 December, 2023

Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome is characterized by a blocked hepatic venous outflow tract at various levels from small hepatic veins to inferior vena cava, resulting from thrombosis or its fibrous sequellae. This rare disease affects mainly young adults. Multiple risk factors have been identified and are often combined in the same patient. Continue reading “Risk Factors of Budd-Chiari Syndrome”

Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)

24 November, 2023

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), by definition, occurs when a woman has her last menstrual period before the age of 40, because of variable, and most often permanent ovarian dysfunction. It presents as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with peripheral amenorrhea. It has a prevalence of 1-2%, but in women under 20 years its prevalence is one case in every 10,000 women. POI is a devastating diagnosis for women of reproductive age. Many conditions can lead to POI, but it is most commonly idiopathic, and it has a variable clinical presentation. It has serious health consequences, including psychological disorders such as anxiety or depression, infertility, osteoporosis, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and an increased risk of mortality. Continue reading “Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)”

IMWG Diagnostic Criteria for Multiple Myeloma and Related Plasma Cell Disorders

17 November, 2023

Plasma cell neoplasms including multiple myeloma (MM) and related terminally differentiated B-cell neoplasms are characterized by secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulin and stepwise development from a preneoplastic clonal B and/or plasma cell proliferation called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Diagnosis of these disorders requires integration of clinical, laboratory, and morphological features. Continue reading “IMWG Diagnostic Criteria for Multiple Myeloma and Related Plasma Cell Disorders”

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) and Location of Probable Lesion

7 November, 2023

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an important cause of stroke in young adults (mean age 33 years with a two-thirds female preponderance) caused by complete or partial occlusion of the cerebral major cerebral venous sinuses (cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) or the smaller feeding cortical veins (cortical vein thrombosis). Continue reading “Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) and Location of Probable Lesion”

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