Acute radiation sickness can be categorized into three phases: prodrome, latency, and illness. The Table, summarizes the constellation of hematologic, gastrointestinal, and neurologic symptoms, along with the time to onset and dose dependence, associated with each of these phases.
Acute
Definition and Classification/Staging System for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
In 2004, the ADQI group and representatives from three nephrology societies established the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN). Its intentions are to facilitate international, interdisciplinary and intersocietal collaborations and to ensure progress in the field of AKI, including the development of uniform standards for the definition and classification of AKI. As part of this process, the RIFLE nomenclature and classification was modified to a staging/classification system differentiating between AKI stage I, II and III. In addition, a 48-hour time window for the diagnosis of AKI was introduced to ensure that the process was acute.
Guidelines for Urinary Indices in Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
Guidelines for urinary indices whereby established Acute Renal Failure (ARF) can be distinguished from renal vasoconstriction with intact tubular function (prerenal azotemia).
Diagnostic Criteria of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a brief but intense attack of inflammation (swelling) in the brain and spinal cord and occasionally the optic nerves that damages the brain’s myelin (the white coating of nerve fibers).
Diagnostic Criteria of Infarction in MRI of the Brain in Acute Stroke
Acute: Subtle low signal (hypointense) on T1, often difficult to see at this stage, and high signal (hyperintense) on spin density and/or T2-weighted and proton density-weighted images starting 8 h after onset; should follow vascular distribution. Mass effect maximal at 24 h, sometimes starting 2 h after onset, even in the absence of parenchymal signal changes. No parenchymal enhancement with paramagnetic contrast agent. Territorial intravascular paramagnetic contrast enhancement of “slow-flow” arteries in hyperacute infarcts; at 48 h, parenchymal and meningeal enhancement can be expected.
Diagnostic Criteria of Infarction in CT Imaging of the Brain in Acute Stroke
Computed tomography (CT) is widely used for early evaluation of acute strokes. Most importantly, CT excludes acute hemorrhage or other diseases mimicking ischemia.
Clinical Criteria for Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders in Acute Stroke
A DNR order may be written any time that two of the following clinical criteria are present and the prognosis has become clear for and shared whenever possible between physician(s), patient, and family (or appropriate surrogate).
RIFLE Criteria for Acute Renal Dysfunction
RIFLE, a newly developed international consensus classification for acute kidney injury, defines three grades of severity
Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Pharyngitis
Adults
Clinical suspicion of streptococcal pharyngitis (e.g., fever, tonsillar swelling, exudate, enlarged/tender anterior cervical lymph nodes, absence of cough or coryza) with
- History of rheumatic fever or
- Documented household exposure or
- Positive rapid strep screen
Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Pericarditis
Diagnostic criteria include the following:
- pericarditic typical chest pain,
- pericardial friction rubs,
- widespread ST segment elevation or PR depressions not previously reported, and
- new or worsening pericardial effusion.