Since specificity of Buerger’s disease is characterized by peripheral ischemia of an inflammatory nature and with a self-limiting course, diagnostic criteria should be discussed from clinical of view.
Several different criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans:
Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic large vessel vasculitis that affects aorta, its main branches and pulmonary arteries. The inflammatory process results in stenosis, occlusion, dilation or aneurysm formation in the arterial wall.
Syphilis is a complex sexually transmitted disease that has a highly variable clinical course. Classification by a clinician with expertise in syphilis may take precedence over the following case definitions developed for surveillance purposes.
Cardiac causes
Structural cardiac or cardiopulmonary disease (aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, left atrial myxoma, aortic dissection, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, obstructive cardiomyopathy)
Cardiac arrhythmias (tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias)
Neurally mediated syncopal syndrome (includes neurocardiogenic or vasovagal syncope, carotid sinus syncope, and situational syncope)
Orthostatic (or postural) hypotension
Acute: Subtle low signal (hypointense) on T1, often difficult to see at this stage, and high signal (hyperintense) on spin density and/or T2-weighted and proton density-weighted images starting 8 h after onset; should follow vascular distribution. Mass effect maximal at 24 h, sometimes starting 2 h after onset, even in the absence of parenchymal signal changes. No parenchymal enhancement with paramagnetic contrast agent. Territorial intravascular paramagnetic contrast enhancement of “slow-flow” arteries in hyperacute infarcts; at 48 h, parenchymal and meningeal enhancement can be expected.
Computed tomography (CT) is widely used for early evaluation of acute strokes. Most importantly, CT excludes acute hemorrhage or other diseases mimicking ischemia.
Yamaguchi criteria for classification of adult Still’s disease
Presence of 5 or more criteria, of which at least 2 are Major (96% sensitivity; 92% specificity)
Yamaguchi criteria for classification of adult Still’s disease
Presence of 5 or more criteria, of which at least 2 are Major (96% sensitivity; 92% specificity)
Major Criteria
According to the ESSG criteria, for a patient to be classified as having SpA, he or she has to satisfy one of two entry criteria: Inflammatory spinal pain OR synovitis that is either asymmetric or predominantly in the lower limbs.
Inflammatory back pain: Back pain is common among the general population. However, “inflammatory” back pain is much less common. Back pain is considered inflammatory if four of the following five criteria are found:
Onset of back discomfort before the age of 40 years
Insidious onset
Persistence for at least three months
Associated with morning stiffness
Improvement with exercise
Asymmetrical synovitis: Asymmetrical synovitis, predominantly of the lower limbs is manifested by soft tissue swelling, warmth over a joint, joint effusion, and reductions in both active and passive range of motion. As with inflammatory spinal pain, the symptoms are worse after a period of rest.
I. Ocular symptoms: a positive response to at least one of the following questions:
Have you had daily, persistent, troublesome dry eyes for more than 3 months?
Do you have a recurrent sensation of sand or gravel in the eyes?
Do you use tear substitutes more than 3 times a day?
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone ADH release (SIADH) is a condition defined by the unsuppressed release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland or nonpituitary sources or its continued action on vasopressin receptors.
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