Risk assessment tools can incorporate multiple variables to identify patients or subpopulations at risk for events. A recently developed risk score can identify cancer patients at high risk for VTE using a combination of easily available clinical and laboratory variables.
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Diagnostic Scoring System for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a clinicopathological diagnosis of a disorder that is defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) as “an acquired syndrome characterized by the intravascular activation of coagulation with loss of localization arising from different causes”. This condition typically originates in the microvasculature and can cause damage of such severity that it leads to organ dysfunction. It can be identified on the basis of a scoring system developed by the ISTH.
Scoring Systems for the Diagnosis of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients
Two scales are in common use, the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC).
The Glasgow-Blatchford Bleeding Score (GBS) for Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
The Glasgow Blatchford Score (GBS) is a pre-endoscopic risk assessment tool for patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGIH). It can predict need for intervention or death and identifies low risk patients suitable for out-patient management.
The Rockall Scoring System
The Rockall score is an established and useful system to assess upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). The Rockall system has been shown to represent an accurate and valid predictor of rebleeding and death, performing better in the latter than in the former. Rockall scores are designed to combine information such as the subject’s age, occurrence of shock assessed from systolic blood pressure readings and pulse rate, presence and severity of comorbid conditions, diagnosis and endoscopic stigmata of recent bleeding.
Scoring the BODE Index
The BODE is a multidimensional index designed to assess clinical risk in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It combines four important variables into a single score: (B) body mass index; (O) airflow obstruction measured by the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1); (D) dyspnoea measured by the modified Medical Research Council (MRC) scale; and (E) exercise capacity measured by the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD). Each component is graded and a score out of 10 is obtained, with higher scores indicating greater risk. The BODE index reflects the impact of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary factors on prognosis and survival in COPD.
The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score
The SOFA system was created in a consensus meeting of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine in 1994 and further revised in 1996. The SOFA is a six-organ dysfunction/failure score measuring multiple organ failure daily. Each organ is graded from 0 (normal) to 4 (the most abnormal), providing a daily score of 0 to 24 points. The objective in the development of the SOFA was to create a simple, reliable, and continuous score easily obtained in every institution.
TIMI Risk Score for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)
The TIMI risk score, based upon data from 15,000 patients with an ST segment elevation myocardial infarction eligible for fibrinolytic therapy, is a simple arithmetic sum of eight independent predictors of mortality.
ABCD2 Score for Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
A simple score (ABCD2) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack.
MASCC Index Score for Identifying Low-Risk Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients
Scoring system for risk of complications among febrile neutropenic patients, based on the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) predictive model.