The Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging system for lung cancer is an internationally accepted system used to characterize the extent of disease. The TNM system combines features of the tumor into disease stage groups that correlate with survival and are linked to recommendations for treatment.
Pulmonary
Diagnostic Criteria for the Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
The hepatopulmonary syndrome is characterized as the triad of liver disease, pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities leading to arterial deoxygenation and evidence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations.
ATS/ERS Criteria for Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are part of a broad, heterogeneous group of interstitial lung diseases that encompasses more than 200 acute or chronic diseases with varying degrees of inflammation or fibrosis.
Light Criteria for Exudative Pleural Effusion
Transudative and exudative pleural effusions are distinguished by measuring the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein levels in the pleural fluid. Exudative pleural effusions meet at least one of the following criteria, whereas transudative pleural effusions meet none:
Diagnostic Criteria for Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of inflammation and increased permeability associated with a constellation of clinical, radiologic, and physiologic abnormalities unexplained by elevations in left atrial or pulmonary capillary pressure.
GOLD Staging System for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) Severity
The European Respiratory Society (ERS) diagnostic criteria for COPD include the following symptoms: coughing, sputum production and/or dyspnoea, as well as a history of exposure to risk factors for COPD. The diagnosis is confirmed by a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.7 in spirometry, as sign of the airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
Indications for Lung Biopsy
Patients with lesions on the chest radiograph should be discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting with a respiratory physician and radiologist at a minimum.
GINA Classification of Asthma Severity
The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) works with health care professionals and public health officials around the world to reduce asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. The gold standard in classifying severity of asthma is the GINA classification.
Diagnostic Criteria for Amiodarone-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity (APT)
The clinical diagnosis of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (APT) requires two or more of the following criteria:
- new onset of pulmonary symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, or pleuritic chest pain;
- new chest radiographic abnormality such as an interstitial or alveolar infiltrate;
- a decrease in the DLCO of 20% from the pretreatment value, or if none is available, a value less than 80% of predicted;
- abnormal lung uptake with gallium-67 radioisotope; and
- characteristic histologic changes of lung tissue obtained by bronchoscopic or open lung biopsy.